Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Frontiers Of Flight Aviation History TV Series DVD, MP4, USB Drive
Today, August 18, 2026
August 18, 1903: Aviation Firsts:
Aviation: The History Of Aviation: Aviation In The Pioneer Era:
Karl Jatho: Maiden Flights: -- German aviation pioneer and
engineer Karl Jatho allegedly flies his self-made, motored gliding
airplane four months before the first flight of the Wright
brothers. Karl Jatho (February 3, 1873 - December 8, 1933) was a
German pioneer and inventor, performer and public servant of the
city of Hanover. From August through November 1903, Jatho made
progressively longer hops (flights) in a pusher triplane, then
biplane, at Vahrenwalder Heide outside of Hanover. His first
flight, was only 18 meters at about 1 meter altitude, and was not
controlled. Jatho eventually gave up, noting "In spite of
many efforts, (I) cannot make longer or higher flights. Motor
weak." With a later machine, Jatho would make successful
flights in 1909 - 60 meters at about at 3-4 meters altitude. He
also founded a flying school and an aircraft factory, but did not
have much success. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Air Marshal Dowding: The Battle Of Britain 1940 DVD, Download, USB
Today, August 18, 2026
August 18, 1940: The European Civil War:
World War II: The Second European War (The European Theater Of
World War II): Aviation: Military Aviation: Air Warfare Of World
War II: The Battle Of Britain: Operation Eagle Attack (German:
Unternehmen Adlerangriff) (August 13 - September 6, 1940): The
Hardest Day: -- The German Luftwaffe makes an historic but
ultimately unsuccessful all-out effort to destroy the British
Fighter Command in order to achieve air superiority prior to a
German invasion of England, code named Operation Sea Lion. By June
1940, the Allies had been defeated in Western Europe and
Scandinavia. Britain rejected overtures for a negotiated peace.
Consequently, Adolf Hitler issued the German armed forces
(Wehrmacht) Directive No. 16 ordering the invasion of the United
Kingdom. The invasion of the United Kingdom was codenamed
Operation Sea Lion. However, before this could be carried out, air
supremacy or air superiority was required. The Luftwaffe had to
destroy the RAF in order to prevent it from attacking the invasion
fleet or providing protection for any attempt by the Royal Navy's
Home Fleet to intercept a landing by sea. Hitler ordered the
Luftwaffe's commander-in-chief, Reichsmarschall Hermann Goring and
the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (High Command of the Air Force) to
prepare for this task. The primary target was RAF Fighter Command.
In July 1940, the Luftwaffe began military operations to destroy
the RAF. Throughout July and early August, the Germans targeted
convoys in the English Channel and occasionally RAF airfields. On
August 13, a major German effort, known as Adlertag (Eagle Day),
was made against RAF airfields, but failed. The failure did not
deter the Germans from persisting with air raids against the RAF
or its infrastructure. The air battles that took place on The
Hardest Day were amongst the largest aerial engagements in history
at that time. Both sides suffered heavy losses. In the air, the
British shot down twice as many Luftwaffe aircraft as they lost.
However, many RAF aircraft were destroyed on the ground,
equalising the total losses of both sides. Further large and
costly aerial battles took place after August 18, but both sides
lost more aircraft combined on this day than at any other point
during the campaign, including 15 September, the Battle Of Britain
Day, generally considered the climax of the fighting. For this
reason, the air battles of August 18, 1940 became known as "The
Hardest Day" in Britain. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Women's Rights Women's Suffrage The Women's Movement MP4 Download
DVD
Today, August 18, 2026
August 18, 1920: Feminism: The Feminist
Movement (The Women's Movement): Women's Suffrage In The United
States: The Constitution Of The United States: The Nineteenth
Amendment To The United States Constitution (Amendment XIX): --
The Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is ratified,
granting women the right to vote by prohibiting the states and the
federal government from denying the right to vote to citizens of
the United States on the basis of sex. Until the 1910s, most
states did not give women the right to vote. The amendment was the
culmination of the women's suffrage movement in the United States,
which fought at both state and national levels to achieve the
vote. It effectively overruled Minor v. Happersett (1875), in
which a unanimous Supreme Court ruled that the Fourteenth
Amendment did not give women the right to vote. The Nineteenth
Amendment was originally introduced in Congress in 1878 by Senator
Aaron A. Sargent. Forty-one years later, in 1919, Congress
submitted it to the states for ratification. It was ratified by
three-fourths of the states a year later, with Tennessee's
ratification being the last needed to add the amendment to the
Constitution. In Leser v. Garnett (1922), the Supreme Court
rejected claims that the amendment was unconstitutionally adopted.
On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Vietnam War Films Documentary Set 4 MP4 Video Downloads Or 4 DVD
Discs
Today, August 18, 2026
August 18, 1965: The Aftermath Of World
War II: The Cold War: The Cold War In Asia: The Indochina Wars:
The Vietnam War (The Second Indochina War, The Vietnam Conflict,
The Resistance War Against America): The United States In The
Vietnam War: The Escalation Of The Vietnam War: Operation Starlite
(The Battle Of Van Tuong): -- The first major American ground
battle of the war begins as the United States Marines destroy a
Viet Cong stronghold on the Van Tuong peninsula. Operation
Starlite (also known in Vietnam as Battle of Van Tuong) was the
first major offensive regimental size action conducted by a purely
U.S. military unit during the Vietnam War. The operation was
launched based on intelligence provided by Major General Nguyen
Chanh Thi, the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) commander in
northern I Corps area. Lieutenant General Lewis W. Walt devised a
plan to launch a pre-emptive strike against the Viet Cong (VC) 1st
Regiment to nullify the threat on the vital Chu Lai Air Base and
Base Area and ensure its powerful communication tower remained
intact. The operation was conducted as a combined arms assault
involving ground, air and naval units. U.S. Marines were deployed
by helicopter insertion into the designated landing zone while an
amphibious landing was used to deploy other Marines. On Sale Until
Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Black Civil Rights Films: African-American History DVD, MP4, USB
Stick
Today, August 18, 2026
August 18, 1963: Civil Rights Movements:
The American Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968): Anti-Black Racism
In The United States: School Segregation: School Segregation In
The United States: School Desegregation: School Desegregation In
The United States: The Desegregation Of The University Of
Mississippi: -- James Meredith becomes the first African American
to graduate from the University of Mississippi. In 1961, inspired
the day before by President John F. Kennedy, Meredith started to
apply to the University of Mississippi, intending to insist on his
civil rights to attend the state-funded university. It still
admitted only white students under the state's culture of racial
segregation, although the US Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board
of Education (1954) that segregation of public schools was
unconstitutional, as they are supported by all the taxpayers. He
was twice denied admission. During this time, he was advised by
Medgar Evers, who was head of the state chapter of the National
Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). On May
31, 1961, Meredith, with backing of the NAACP Legal Defense and
Educational Fund, filed suit in the U.S. District Court for the
Southern District of Mississippi, alleging that the university had
rejected him only because of his race, as he had a highly
successful record of military service and academic courses. The
case went through many hearings, after which the United States
Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ruled that Meredith had the
right to be admitted to the state school. The state appealed to
the U.S. Supreme Court, which supported the ruling of the appeals
court. On September 13, 1962, the District Court entered an
injunction directing the members of the Board of Trustees and the
officials of the University to register Meredith. The Democratic
Governor of Mississippi, Ross Barnett, declared "no school
will be integrated in Mississippi while I am your governor".
The state legislature quickly created a plan. They passed a law
that denied admission to any person "who has a crime of moral
turpitude against him" or who had been convicted of any
felony offense or not pardoned. The same day it became law,
Meredith was accused and convicted of "false voter
registration," in absentia, in Jackson County. The conviction
against Meredith was trumped up: Meredith both owned land in
northern Mississippi and was registered to vote in Jackson, where
he lived. "Later the clerk testified that Meredith was
qualified to register and vote in Jackson [where he was
registered]." On September 20, the federal government gained
an enjoinment against enforcement of this Act and of the two state
court decrees that had barred Meredith's registration. That day
Meredith was rebuffed again by Governor Barnett in his efforts to
gain admission, though university officials were prepared to admit
him. On September 28, the Court of Appeals, in full court and
after a hearing, found the Governor in civil contempt and ordered
that he be arrested and pay a fine of $10,000 for each day that he
kept up the refusal, unless he complied by October 2. On September
29, Lieutenant Governor Johnson was found in contempt by a panel
of the court, and a similar order was entered against him, with a
fine of $5,000 a day. The US Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy
had a series of phone calls with Governor Barnett between
September 27 to October 1. Barnett reluctantly agreed to let
Meredith enroll in the university, but secretly bargained with
Kennedy on a plan which would allow him to save face. Barnett
committed to maintain civil order. Attorney General Robert F.
Kennedy ordered 500 U.S. Marshals to accompany Meredith during his
arrival and registration. On September 29, President Kennedy
issued a proclamation commanding all persons engaged in the
obstruction of the laws and the orders of the courts to "cease
and desist therefrom and to disperse and retire peaceably
forthwith", citing his authority to use the militia or the
armed forces to suppress any insurrection, domestic violence,
unlawful combination, or conspiracy. On the evening of September
29, after State Senator George Yarbrough withdrew the State
Highway Police, a riot broke out the following day. Whites
opposing integration had been gathering at the campus. Despite the
Kennedy administration's reluctance to use force, it ordered the
nationalized Mississippi National Guard and federal troops to the
campus. In the violent clashes which followed, two men were killed
by gunshot wounds, and the white mob burned cars, pelted federal
marshals with rocks, bricks and small arms fire, and damaged
university property. The next day on October 1, 1962, after troops
took control, Meredith became the first African American student
to enroll at the University of Mississippi. Meredith's admission
is regarded as a pivotal moment in the history of civil rights in
the United States. Many students harassed Meredith during his two
semesters on campus, but others accepted him. According to
first-person accounts, students living in Meredith's dorm bounced
basketballs on the floor just above his room through all hours of
the night. Other students ostracized him: when Meredith walked
into the cafeteria for meals, the students eating would turn their
backs. If Meredith sat at a table with other students, all of whom
were white, the students would immediately get up and go to
another table. Meredith persisted through the harassments and
extreme isolation to graduate on August 18, 1963, with a degree in
political science. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Apartheid Documentaries Collection DVD, Video Download, USB Drive
Today, August 18, 2026
August 18, 1977: South Africa: The
History Of South Africa: Segregation: Racial Segregation:
Apartheid (Racial Segregation In South Africa): The Murder Of
Steve Biko: -- Steve Biko is arrested at a police roadblock under
the Terrorism Act No. 83 of 1967 in King William' Town, South
Africa. He later dies from injuries sustained during this arrest
bringing attention to South Africa' apartheid policies. Bantu
Stephen Biko (18 December 1946 - 12 September 1977) was a South
African anti-apartheid activist. Ideologically an African
nationalist and African socialist, he was at the forefront of a
grassroots anti-apartheid campaign known as the Black
Consciousness Movement during the late 1960s and 1970s. His ideas
were articulated in a series of articles published under the
pseudonym Frank Talk. Raised in a poor Xhosa family, Biko grew up
in Ginsberg township in the Eastern Cape. In 1966, he began
studying medicine at the University of Natal, where he joined the
National Union Of South African Students (NUSAS). Strongly opposed
to the apartheid system of racial segregation and white-minority
rule in South Africa, Biko was frustrated that NUSAS and other
anti-apartheid groups were dominated by white liberals, rather
than by the blacks who were most affected by apartheid. He
believed that even when well-intentioned, white liberals failed to
comprehend the black experience and often acted in a paternalistic
manner. He developed the view that to avoid white domination,
black people had to organise independently, and to this end he
became a leading figure in the creation of the South African
Students' Organisation (SASO) in 1968. Membership was open only to
"blacks", a term that Biko used in reference not just to
Bantu-speaking Africans but also to Coloureds and Indians. He was
careful to keep his movement independent of white liberals, but
opposed anti-white racism and had various white friends and
lovers. The white-minority National Party government were
initially supportive, seeing SASO's creation as a victory for
apartheid's ethos of racial separatism. Influenced by Frantz Fanon
and the African American Black Power movement, Biko and his
compatriots developed Black Consciousness as SASO's official
ideology. The movement campaigned for an end to apartheid and the
transition of South Africa toward universal suffrage and a
socialist economy. It organised Black Community Programmes (BCPs)
and focused on the psychological empowerment of black people. Biko
believed that black people needed to rid themselves of any sense
of racial inferiority, an idea he expressed by popularizing the
slogan "black is beautiful". In 1972, he was involved in
founding the Black People's Convention (BPC) to promote Black
Consciousness ideas among the wider population. The government
came to see Biko as a subversive threat and placed him under a
banning order in 1973, severely restricting his activities. He
remained politically active, helping organise BCPs such as a
healthcare centre and a creche (day care center) in the Ginsberg
area. During his ban he received repeated anonymous threats, and
was detained by state security services on several occasions.
Following his arrest in August 1977, Biko was severely beaten by
state security officers, resulting in his death. Over 20,000
people attended his funeral. Biko's fame spread posthumously. He
became the subject of numerous songs and works of art, while a
1978 biography by his friend Donald Woods formed the basis for the
1987 film Cry Freedom. During Biko's life, the government alleged
that he hated whites, various anti-apartheid activists accused him
of sexism, and African racial nationalists criticised his united
front with Coloureds and Indians. Nonetheless, Biko became one of
the earliest icons of the movement against apartheid, and is
regarded as a political martyr and the "Father of Black
Consciousness". His political legacy remains a matter of
contention. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/apartheid-documentaries-dvd-racial-segregation-in-south-africa.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Remember When: It'll Never Fly w/ Dick Cavett Inventions DVD, MP4,
USB
Today, August 18, 2026
August 18: Never Give Up Day: -- Humans
have always achieved more than they thought they could with their
sheer willpower. It is a well-known fact that with the right
motivation, you can move mountains. Never Give Up Day was created
for this reason. This day is a reminder to keep chasing our dreams
and never give up on them. People celebrate this day by motivating
themselves and the people around them to keep grinding until they
achieve what they want. The fact that the right mindset can bring
extraordinary results and make one go beyond one's potential, has
been well known to humans for thousands of years. This is the
reason Plato in the fourth century mentioned that "reason is
in the head, but courage is in the chest and appetite in the
abdomen" Ancient Greeks believed that the body's "desires,
pleasures, and pains" were the key components in motivation
in humans. Rene Descartes, during the Renaissance period, made a
distinction between active and inactive components of motivation
and states that will power be must be the number one driving force
behind motivation. Derek Reymonds had torn his hamstring in the
middle of the 400m race. Though suffering excruciating pain,
Reymonds got up and hopped to the finish line. He was accompanied
by his father who had jumped onto the track from the stands after
seeing his son in pain. Reymonds might not have won the race, but
he won the hearts of millions around the world by his display of
extraordinary willpower in the face of adversity. In the 1970s
Sylvester Stallone was a struggling actor. After writing the
script for "Rocky," he approached many directors who
were happy with the script but were not willing to cast him as the
lead. Though he was offered a good amount of money, Stallone stuck
to his condition that he be given the role. Finally, Stallone was
cast and "Rocky" won the Oscar for the best motion
picture in 1976. Oprah Winfrey, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Steve Jobs,
and Lakshmi Mittal are billionaires who have one thing in common -
the determination to never give up. Never Give Up Day was created
for the hero in all of us. This day was created to encourage
ourselves and others to never give up when the going gets tough,
and to overcome challenges that life throws at us. On Sale Until
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Isaac Newton: Portraits Of Newton DVD, Video Download, USB Flash
Drive
Today, August 18, 2026
August 18: Serendipity Day: -- A day that
encourages people to look for and appreciate the unexpectedly
lovely things that are always out there, if only people took the
time to notice them. 'Serendipity' is a term that is not often
used, although its meaning applies to all humans in the world. In
a word, serendipity is the emergence and development of events by
chance, whether joyously or constructively. Serendipity is also
described as a happy accident or a pleasant surprise. Serendipity
Day is celebrated to encourage people to confront unexpected good
fortune. The word 'serendipity' has been around since the
mid-1700s, but it was officially recognized for the first time in
2010. In general, serendipity refers to the capacity to make
intriguing discoveries by chance. Horace Walpole, an English
author, founded it for the first time in 1754. The author
described the genesis of the term in a letter to his girlfriend.
He explained that the word he found was inspired by the Persian
novel "The Three Princes of Serendip". The story follows
three princes who were banished from the kingdom of Serendip,
commonly known as Sri Lanka, in order to demonstrate their worth.
They had serendipitous encounters with revelations that they had
not sought while traveling the world. As a result, serendipity is
associated with embarking on a journey and discovering something
unexpected. Serendipity Day's objective is to inspire individuals
to live their lives in a more opportune way. It also entails being
open to and accepting of the limitless options that life presents.
Making use of Madeleine Kay's suggestions is an excellent way to
honor Serendipity Day. He claims that moving out of the safe zone
will reveal surprising events, a fortuitous chance, and schedules.
Believing, aiding an unknown stranger, and living in the present
moment will allow one to experience serendipity. On Sale Until
Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
A Night At The Nuyorican Poet's Cafe 102690 DVD, Download, USB
Drive
Today, August 18, 2026
August 18: National Bad Poetry Day: --
There's no better day than this to try your hand at poetry! Poetry
is a powerful form of human expression, but not everyone's a
wordsmith. Poetry, like other great weapons, may be used for good
or evil, depending on who wields it. There is a lot of pressure to
compose good poetry, from sonnets to haikus, free verse, and
limericks. Finally, you have the perfect excuse if you don't get
it right! What more could you possibly need? Bad Poetry Day is the
perfect opportunity for newbies to test the waters, and even
established poets can get a kick out of using their smarts to
create awful verse. The year of creation and general origins of
Bad Poetry Day is a matter of continuous debate. Some claim Thomas
Roy and Ruth Roy (Wellcat Holidays) are responsible for this fun
holiday. Regardless of its origins, one thing's for sure; we can't
get enough of it. The main goal of this holiday is to create and
share awful poetry in whatever form. Many people take to Twitter
to share cringe-worthy lines of poetry that you can't help but
admire. Whether it's writing nonsensical lines or telling dad
jokes, the blank page is your oyster. For hundreds of years,
poetry has been a dynamic aspect of human life. The Sumerian "Epic
of Gilgamesh" contains the first documented poetry. These
poems were sung and repeated as mnemonic devices to help people
recall laws, oral histories, and ancestry. Some of the early poems
were hymns, therefore poetry has connections to music. Enheduanna,
a Sumerian priestess, and other songs in the form of chants are
among them. The emergence of modern poetry would be delayed until
the early 1900s and extending into the 2000s. Robert Frost, Maya
Angelou, Allen Ginsberg, and T.S. Eliot are among the best-known
American poets. Unlike these accomplished poets, we are held to
far lower standards on Bad Poetry Day. This holiday is a rare
opportunity to be the best - by being the worst. Who knew being
clueless at something could pay off? Good poetry may be a question
of subjective opinion, which means that awful poetry can be as
well. So, delve deep, summon your inner devils, and write the
world's finest terrible verses! The Nuyorican Poets Cafe, a
nonprofit organization in Alphabet City on the Lower East Side of
Manhattan, is a bastion of the Nuyorican (Puerto Rican New
Yorkers) art movement in New York City, and has become a forum for
poetry, music, hip hop, video, visual arts, comedy, and theater.
The Cafe is meant to be a shooting-off point from which Nuyorican
artists, poets, and playwrights take shared themes and messages of
community, understanding, and the breaking down of arbitrary
separators of color, among others, and spread them outside the
environment of the Cafe. They are downright awesome - but they
also have the courage to take the risk and allow those who...
clearly need some time to develop their craft... to try out their
poems -- some of which teach the boundaries between the awesome
and... what's not! :D On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Cathay Videos: China VAV The U.S. Video Set DVD, MP4, USB Flash
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Today, August 18, 2026
August 18: National Mail Order Catalog
Day: -- This holiday is all about recalling the days when
mail-order catalogs were a common marketing strategy for
businesses and corporations. A mail-order catalog is a form of
direct marketing approach that allows firms to engage directly
with their customers. A catalog is a document that lists all of
the products that a business or company sells. The catalog also
includes the prices for such things. Some believe that this
holiday commemorates the anniversary of the day in 1872 when Aaron
Montgomery, an American entrepreneur, sent out the first modern
mail-order catalog to people in Chicago. Shopping by mail has a
long history. One of the first shopping catalogs, according to
experts, was created in the fifteenth century. In 1498, an Italian
publisher named Aldus Pius Manutius of Venice published several
works through his Aldine Press. The first 17th gardening catalog
was published in 1667 by William Lucas of England. In 1744,
Benjamin Franklin, a world-renowned scientist, was among the first
in America to produce a catalog for purchasing books and
scientific publications. Mail-order shopping became popular in the
United States in the early 19th century. During this time, book
publishers and farmers began to sell their books and seeds across
the country using the newly established national postal service
and expanded railway infrastructure. Then, in the 20th century,
mail-order catalogs became immensely popular in a variety of
industries. The first catalog was printed on a single sheet of
paper measuring 8 by 12 inches. Ward used it to list the items for
sale, as well as a pricing list and ordering information. The
Montgomery Ward's single-page list of products quickly grew into a
540-page illustrated book with over 20,000 items sold. It didn't
take long for other retailers to pick up on Montgomery Ward's
idea. Richard Warren Sears, a well-known merchant, mailed his
catalog in 1887. Catalog sales increased as more people entered
the field and by 1971, sales for major U.S. corporations had
surpassed 250M USD in postal revenue. According to the National
Mail Order Association, Aaron Montgomery Ward didn't invent the
mail order catalog. Though, within the United States, Benjamin
Franklin is thought to have invented the first fundamental postal
order concept. He created a catalog to offer scientific and
academic literature. Online platforms have largely replaced
mail-order catalogs in recent years. In addition, the term
"mail-order" has been replaced by "online
shopping." On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
1940-1960: Empires Crumble - End Of World Colonialism DVD, MP4,
USB
Today, August 18, 2026
August 18: Indonesia Constitution Day: --
August 18, 1945: The Aftermath Of World War II: World War II: The
Pacific War (The Asia-Pacific War, The Pacific Theater Of World
War II): The Decolonisation Of Asia: Indonesian National
Revolution: The 1945 State Constitution Of The Republic Of
Indonesia (Indonesian: Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik
Indonesia Tahun 1945 [UUD 1945, UUD '45]): -- The day after The
Proclamation Of Indonesian Independence (Indonesian: Proklamasi
Kemerdekaan Indonesia, or simply Proklamasi) was issued in
document signed by Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta, they are appointed
president and vice-president of Indonesia respectively. The
declaration ignited the Indonesian National Revolution. also known
as the Indonesian War of Independence, an armed conflict and
diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the
Dutch Empire, and an internal social revolution during postwar and
postcolonial Indonesia. The four-year struggle involved sporadic
but bloody armed conflict, internal Indonesian political and
communal upheavals, and two major international diplomatic
interventions. Dutch military forces (and, for a while, the forces
of the World War II Allies) were able to control the major towns,
cities and industrial assets in Republican heartlands on Java and
Sumatra but could not control the countryside. By 1949,
international pressure on the Netherlands and the partial military
stalemate became such that it recognised Indonesian independence.
The revolution marked the end of the colonial administration of
the Dutch East Indies, except for Netherlands New Guinea. It also
significantly changed ethnic castes as well as reducing the power
of many of the local rulers (raja). It did not significantly
improve the economic or political fortune of the majority of the
population, although a few Indonesians were able to gain a larger
role in commerce. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/19401960-empires-crumble--end-of-world-colonialism--dv194019604.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Pirates 12 Part Documentary Series MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, August 18, 2026
August 18, 1590: The Colonial History Of
The United States: The British Colonization Of The Americas: The
Roanoke Colony (The Lost Colony): -- John White, the governor of
the Roanoke Colony, returns from a supply trip to England and
finds his settlement deserted. On August 17, 1585, the first group
of colonists sent by Sir Walter Raleigh, the first of two attempts
to found the first permanent English settlement in North America,
landed in the New World under the charge of Ralph Lane as governor
to create Roanoke Colony on Roanoke Island, off the coast of
present-day North Carolina in what is now Dare County. The
English, led by Humphrey Gilbert, had claimed St. John's,
Newfoundland, in 1583 as the first North American English colony
by royal prerogative of Queen Elizabeth I, Roanoke was second.
Lane's colony was troubled by a lack of supplies and poor
relations with the local Native Americans. While awaiting a
delayed resupply mission by Richard Grenville, Lane decided to
abandon the colony and return to England with Francis Drake in
1586. Grenville arrived two weeks later and left a small
detachment to protect Raleigh's claim. Following the failure of
the 1585 settlement, a second colony led by John White landed on
the same island in 1587, and became known as the Lost Colony due
to the unexplained disappearance of its population. In 1587
Raleigh sent White on an expedition to establish the Cittie of
Raleigh in Chesapeake Bay. However, during a stop to check in on
Grenville's men, the flagship's pilot Simon Fernandes insisted
that White's colonists remain on Roanoke. White returned to
England with Fernandes, intending to bring more supplies back to
his colony in 1588. Instead, the Anglo-Spanish War delayed his
return to Roanoke until 1590. Upon his arrival, he found the
settlement fortified but abandoned. The word "CROATOAN"
was found carved into the palisade, which White interpreted to
mean the colonists had relocated to Croatoan Island (modern
Hatteras Island). Before he could follow this lead, rough seas and
a lost anchor forced the rescue mission to return to England. The
fate of the approximately 112-121 colonists remains unknown.
Speculation that they may have assimilated with nearby Native
American communities appears as early as 1605. Investigations by
the Jamestown colonists produced reports that the Roanoke settlers
were massacred, as well as stories of people with European
features in Native American villages, but no hard evidence was
produced. Interest in the matter fell into decline until 1834,
when George Bancroft published his account of the events in A
History of the United States. Bancroft's description of the
colonists, particularly White's infant granddaughter Virginia
Dare, cast them as foundational figures in American culture and
captured the public imagination. Despite this renewed interest,
modern research still has not produced the archaeological evidence
necessary to solve the mystery. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today, August 18, 2026
August 18, 1587: The Colonial History Of
The United States: The British Colonization Of The Americas: The
Roanoke Colony (The Lost Colony): -- #BOTD: #HBD! Virginia Dare,
granddaughter of Governor John White of the Colony of Roanoke,
becomes the first English child #born in the Americas and the
first English child born in a New World English possession..What
became of Virginia and the other colonists remains a mystery. The
fact of her birth is known because John White, Virginia's
grandfather and the governor of the colony, returned to England in
1587 to seek fresh supplies. When White eventually returned three
years later, the colonists were gone. During the past four hundred
years, Virginia Dare has become a prominent figure in American
myth and folklore, symbolizing different things to different
groups of people. She has been featured as a main character in
books, poems, songs, comic books, television programs, and films.
Her name has been used to sell different types of goods, from
vanilla products to soft drinks, as well as wine and spirits. Many
places in North Carolina and elsewhere in the Southern United
States have been named in her honor, such as Dare County, where
the Roanoke Colony was located. A US postage stamp, issued in
1937, commemorated the 350th anniversary of Virginia Dare's birth.
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Lewis And Clark & The Corps Of Discovery Expedition DVD MP4
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Today, August 18, 2026
August 18, 1774: #BOTD: #HBD! Meriwether
Lewis, American explorer, soldier, politician, and public
administrator, best known for his role as the leader of the Lewis
And Clark Expedition, also known as the Corps of Discovery, with
William Clark (d. October 11, 1809) is #born near Charlottesville,
Virginia. Their mission was to explore the territory of the
Louisiana Purchase, establish trade with, and sovereignty over the
natives near the Missouri River, and claim the Pacific Northwest
and Oregon Country for the United States before European nations.
They also collected scientific data, and information on indigenous
nations. President Thomas Jefferson appointed him Governor of
Upper Louisiana in 1806. He died of gunshot wounds in what was
either a murder or suicide, in 1809. The Lewis And Clark
Expedition from May 1804 to September 1806, also known as the
Corps of Discovery Expedition, was the first American expedition
to cross what is now the western portion of the United States. It
began near St. Louis, made its way westward, and passed through
the continental divide to reach the Pacific coast. The Corps of
Discovery comprised a selected group of U.S. Army volunteers under
the command of Captain Meriwether Lewis and his close friend,
Second Lieutenant William Clark. The Louisiana Purchase was the
acquisition of the Louisiana territory (828,000 square miles) by
the United States from France in 1803. The U.S. paid 50M francs
and a cancellation of debts worth 18M francs for a total of 68M
francs (15M USD, equivalent to 300M USD in 2016). The Louisiana
Purchase territory contained land that forms Arkansas, Missouri,
Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska; the portion of Minnesota
west of the Mississippi River; a large portion of North Dakota; a
large portion of South Dakota; the northeastern section of New
Mexico; the northern portion of Texas; the area of Montana,
Wyoming, and Colorado east of the Continental Divide; and
Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (plus New Orleans). Its
non-native population was around 60,000 inhabitants, of whom half
were African slaves. The Corps of Discovery was a
specially-established unit of the United States Army created from
a select group of volunteers which formed the nucleus of the Lewis
And Clark Expedition. Commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson,
the Corps' objectives were both scientific and commercial: to
study the area's plants, animal life, and geography, and to learn
how the Louisiana Purchase could be exploited economically.
Meriwether Lewis died in Hickman County, Tennessee aged 35 of
gunshot wounds received under mysterious circumstances in what was
either a murder or suicide. He is buried at The Meriwether Lewis
Burial Monument at Milepost 385.9 on the Natchez Trace Parkway
near present day Hohenwald, Tennessee. The site is administered by
The National Park Service (NPS). The Natchez Trace Parkway is a
444-mile recreational road and scenic drive through three states
that roughly follows the "Old Natchez Trace", a historic
travel corridor used by American Indians, "Kaintucks,"
European settlers, slave traders, soldiers, and future presidents.
Today, people can enjoy a scenic drive as well as hiking, biking,
horseback riding, and camping along the Parkway. The Meriwether
Lewis Burial Monument was built in 1848 with funding provided by
the Tennessee legislature. The legislation provided 500 USD "to
preserve the place of internment, where the remains of General
Meriwether Lewis were deposited." The most noticeable feature
of the monument is the broken shaft of the central pillar of the
monument. This was done deliberately, and was a common custom in
the 1800s in order to represent a life cut short by an untimely
death. According to letters from James Neelly and John Brahan to
Thomas Jefferson, both dated October 18, 1809, Lewis, who
"appeared at times deranged in mind" according to
Neelly, stopped at Grinders Inn (also called called Grinder's
Stand) on the Natchez Trace road, about 70 miles southwest of
Nashville on October 10. Robbers preyed on travelers on that road
and sometimes killed their victims, but Lewis had written his will
right before this journey and had also attempted suicide on this
journey as well, but was restrained. After dinner, he retired to
his one-room cabin. In the predawn hours of October 11, the
innkeeper's wife (Priscilla Griner) heard gunshots. Servants found
Lewis badly injured from two gunshot wounds, one each to the head
and gut. He bled out on his buffalo hide robe and died shortly
after sunrise. The Nashville Democratic Clarion published the
account, which newspapers across the country repeated and
embellished. The Nashville newspaper also reported that Lewis's
throat was cut. Money that Lewis had borrowed from Major Gilbert
Russell at Fort Pickering to complete the journey was missing.
While Lewis's friend Thomas Jefferson and some modern historians
have generally accepted Lewis's death as a suicide, debate
continues. Lewis's mother and relatives always contended it was
murder. A coroner's jury held an inquest immediately after Lewis's
death as provided by local law; however, they did not charge
anyone with murdering Lewis. The jury foreman kept a pocket diary
of the proceedings, which disappeared in the early 1900s. When
William Clark and Thomas Jefferson were informed of Lewis's death,
both accepted the conclusion of suicide. Based on their positions
and the never-found Lewis letter of mid-September 1809, historian
Stephen Ambrose dismissed the murder theory as "not
convincing". On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today, August 18, 2026
August 18, 1870: The Unification Of
Germany (German: Deutsche Einigung): The Franco-Prussian War (The
Franco-German War, The War Of 1870): The Battle OI Gravelotte (The
Battle Of Gravelotte-St. Privat): -- The largest battle during the
Franco-Prussian War is fought in the village of Gravelotte in
Lorraine between Metz and the former French-German frontier. It
was fought about 6 miles (9.7 km) west of Metz, where on the
previous day, having intercepted the French army's retreat to the
west at the Battle of Mars-La-Tour, the Prussians were now closing
in to complete the destruction of the French forces. The combined
German forces, under Field Marshal Count Helmuth von Moltke, were
the Prussian First and Second Armies of the North German
Confederation numbering about 210 infantry battalions, 133 cavalry
squadrons, and 732 heavy cannons totaling 188,332 officers and
men. The French Army of the Rhine, commanded by Marshal
Francois-Achille Bazaine, dug in along high ground with their
southern left flank at the town of Rozerieulles, and their
northern right flank at St. Privat. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight
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Today, August 18, 2026
August 17-18, 1942: World War II: The
Pacific War (The Asia-Pacific War, The Pacific Theater Of World
War II): The Pacific Ocean Theater Of World War II: The Gilbert
and Marshall Islands Campaign: The Raid On Makin Island: -- U.S.
Marines raid the Japanese-held Pacific island of Makin (now known
as Butaritari) of the Gilbert Islands in the Pacific Ocean. The
aim was to destroy Imperial Japanese installations, take
prisoners, gain intelligence on the Gilbert Islands area, and
divert Japanese attention and reinforcements from the August 7-9,
1932 Allied landings on the Solomon Islands of Guadalcanal and
Tulagi. The 1943 Hollywood film "Gung Ho" starring
Randolph Scott, Alan Curtis, Noah Beery Jr. And Robert Mitchum is
based on this event. The raid was among the first American
offensive ground combat operations of World War II. The force was
drawn from "Carlson's Raiders", the U.S. Marines 2nd
Raider Battalion, and comprised a small battalion command group
and two of the battalion's six rifle companies. Because of space
limitations aboard ship, each company embarked without one of its
rifle sections. Battalion headquarters, A Company and 18 men from
B Company, totaling 121 troops, were embarked aboard the submarine
Argonaut and the remainder of B Company, totaling 90 men, aboard
Nautilus. The raiding force was designated Task Group 7.15 (TG
7.15). The Imperial Japanese Navy created the Makin Atoll Garrison
in 1942. It was part of the Marshall Islands Garrison, and
officially titled the 62nd Garrison Force. At the time of the
Makin Raid the total force opposing the American landing consisted
of 71 armed personnel of the Japanese seaplane base led by Warrant
Officer (Heisouchou) Kyuzaburo Kanemitsu of the Special Naval
Landing Force equipped with light weapons. In addition there were
also four members of the seaplane tender base and three members of
a meteorological unit. Two civilian personnel were attached to the
Japanese forces as interpreters and civilian administrators. On
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Today, August 18, 2026
August 17-18, 1943: The European Civil
War: World War II: The Second European War (The European Theater
Of World War II): The Western Front Of World War II: Aviation:
Military Aviation: Air Warfare Of World War II: Strategic Bombing
During World War II: European Air Operations During The Battle Of
Europe: The Combined Bomber Offensive (CBO): Operation Bodyline
(later renamed Operation Crossbow): Operation Hydra: The Bombing
Of Peenemunde In World War II: -- The first use of the RAF's
Pathfinder master bomber to mark and direct a bombing attack
occurs when Royal Air Force Bomber Bomber Command attacks the
German V-weapon scientific research center at Peenemunde Army
Research Center in Peenemunde, Germany in a night attack codenamed
Operation Hydra, which itself marked the beginning of Operation
Crossbow, code name of the strategic Anglo-American bombing
campaign all phases of the German long-range weapons programme.
Operation Crossbow was part of the Combined Bomber Offensive
(CBO), whose highest primary operations were directed against
Luftwaffe targets from June 1943 to April 1, 1944. The attack was
led by Group Captain John Searby, commanding officer of No. 83
Squadron RAF, from his Pathfinder master bomber. Of the 596 bomber
aircraft dispatched, 560 successfully bombed their targets. Of the
324 Avro Lancaster, 218 Handley Page Halifax, and 54 Short
Stirling bombers sent, the British lost 215 aircrew and 40
bombers, and killed several hundred enslaved workers in the nearby
Trassenheide forced labour camp. The Luftwaffe lost twelve
night-fighters and about 170 German civilians were killed,
including two V-2 rocket scientists. Prototype V-2 rocket launches
were delayed for about two months, testing and production was
dispersed and the morale of the German survivors was severely
affected. However, the impact of this British operation on German
V-weapon production was apparently lumped together with subsequent
Allied attacks on Peenemunde as "not effective" in the
1945 "Summary Report" of the United States Strategic
Bombing Survey, despite being prevented from visiting
Soviet-occupied Peenemunde. Operation Crossbow included operations
against research and development of the weapons, their
manufacture, transportation and their launching sites, and against
missiles in flight. The original 1943 code name Bodyline was
replaced with Crossbow on November 15, 1943, one month after the
operation. Post-war, Crossbow operations became known as Operation
Crossbow as early as 1962, particularly following the 1965 film of
the same name. V-weapons, known in original German as
Vergeltungswaffen "(Vengeance Weapons"), were a
particular set of long-range artillery weapons designed for
strategic bombing during World War II, particularly terror bombing
and/or aerial bombing of cities. They comprised the V-1, a
pulsejet-powered cruise missile, the V-2, a liquid-fuelled
ballistic missile (often referred to as V1 and V2), and the V-3
cannon, a German World War II supergun working on the multi-charge
principle whereby secondary propellant charges are fired to add
velocity to a projectile. All of these weapons were intended for
use in a military campaign against Britain, though only the V-1
and V-2 were so used in a campaign conducted 1944-5; the V-3
cannon was planned to be used to bombard London from two large
bunkers in the Pas-de-Calais region of northern France, but though
they were rendered unusable by Allied bombing raids before
completion, two similar guns were used to bombard Luxembourg from
December 1944 to February 1945. After the invasion of Europe by
the Allies, these weapons were also employed against targets on
the mainland of Europe, mainly France and Belgium. The
V-terrorbombing killed approximately 18,000 people, mostly
civilians. The cities London, Antwerp and Liege were the main
targets. They were part of the range of the so-called Wunderwaffen
('Wonder Weapons') of Nazi Germany. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
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Today, August 18, 2026
August 18, 1904: #BOTD: Max Factor, Jr.,
American businessman and racist, president of the Max Factor
Cosmetics empire, son of Polish-Jewish businessman and cosmetics
pioneer Max Factor (d. June 7, 1996) is #born Francis Factor in
St. Louis, Missouri. Also known as Max Factor Jr. and "Frank",
his family moved to Los Angeles, California, in 1908 where he
began working in the family business while still a boy. Because
Max Factor was recovering from being hit by a delivery van at the
time, Frank Factor took the lead over the two years that it took
to develop a suitable make-up for use with the newly developed
Technicolor film. This make-up was released to the film industry
under the name "Pan-Cake". It was immediately a hit and
its advantages led to women stealing it from the film sets and
using it privately. Its only disadvantage for every day use was
that it could not be used at night as it made the skin too dark
under all except under the powerful lights used in film studios.
While his father wanted to reserve the product for film use, Frank
Factor was open to the commercial possibilities and began
developing lighter shades. At the time the company was only able
to produce enough to meet studio demand which until production
could be increased delayed commercial release until 1937. Backed
by a colour based national advertising campaign, it immediately
became the fastest and largest selling single make-up item to
date, as well as the standard make-up used in all Technicolor
films. After his father's death in 1938, Frank Factor legally
changed his name to Max Factor Jr. and as president expanded the
still private cosmetics firm, along with members of the immediate
family. He was heavily involved with the development of new
products, particularly "Tru-Color" released in 1940 as
the first smear-proof lipstick. He refused to advertise on The Nat
King Cole Show because it starred a black man, Nat King Cole; it
was left to Revlon, whose founder and president, Charles Revson,
was romantically involved with Eartha Kitt, to develop cosmetic
products for black women and regulary advertise on television
shows featuring black people; Revlon's Fire And Ice, a popular
Revlon lipstick, was suggested to Revson by Kitt and was duly
named after her. Max Factor Jr. was married in 1933 to Mildred
"Milly" Cohen with whom he remained for thirty-seven
years until her death in 1970. The couple raced Thoroughbred
horses for many years. He had a home in the Deep Well neighborhood
of Palm Springs, California. Factor died of congestive heart
failure in Los Angeles, California, aged 91. He is interred in
Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery in Culver City, California. On
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Today, August 18, 2026
August 18, 1934: #BOTD: #HBD! Rafer
Johnson, African American decathlete and film actor, 1960 Olympic
decathlon gold medalist and USA team's flag bearer, 1956 Olympic
decathalon silver medalist, 1955 Pan American Games gold medalist,
lighter of the Olympic cauldron at the Los Angeles Games in 1984,
who along with football player Rosey Grier and journalist George
Plimpton tackled Sirhan Sirhan moments after he had fatally shot
Robert F. Kennedy (d. December 2, 2020) is #born Rafer Lewis
Johnson in Hillsboro, Texas. After he retired from athletics,
Johnson turned to acting, sportscasting, and public service and
was instrumental in creating the California Special Olympics. His
acting career included appearances in The Sins of Rachel Cade
(1961), the Elvis Presley film Wild in the Country (1961), Pirates
of Tortuga (1961), None but the Brave (1965), two Tarzan films
with Mike Henry, The Last Grenade (1970), Soul Soldier (1970),
Roots: The Next Generations (1979), the James Bond film Licence to
Kill (1989), and Think Big (1990). Rafer Johnson died after
suffering a stroke in Sherman Oaks, California, aged 86. He is
buried at Pacific View Memorial Park in Corona del Mar, Orange
County, California. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today, August 18, 2026
August 18, 1936: #BOTD: #HBD! Robert
Redford, American actor, director, producer, businessman,
environmentalist, and philanthropist, founder of the Sundance Film
Festival, is #born Charles Robert Redford Jr. in Santa Monica,
California. Redford began acting on television in the early 1960s.
He earned an Emmy nomination as Best Supporting Actor for his
performance in The Voice of Charlie Pont (1962). His greatest
Broadway success was as the stuffy newlywed husband of Elizabeth
Ashley in Neil Simon's Barefoot in the Park (1963). Redford made
his film debut in War Hunt (1962). His role in Inside Daisy Clover
(1965) won him a Golden Globe for best new star. He starred in
Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969), which was a huge
success and made him a major star. In 1972, he had a critical and
box office hit with Jeremiah Johnson (1972), and in 1973 had the
greatest hit of his career, the blockbuster crime caper The Sting,
for which he was nominated for an Academy Award. The popular and
acclaimed All the President's Men (1976) was a landmark film for
Redford. The first film that Redford directed, Ordinary People
(1980), was one of the most critically and publicly acclaimed
films of the decade, winning four Oscars including Best Picture
and the Academy Award for Best Director for Redford. In 1980, he
starred in Brubaker (1980). He starred in Out of Africa (1985),
which was an enormous critical and box office success, and won
seven Oscars including Best Picture. He released his third film as
a director, A River Runs Through It, in 1992. Redford intends to
retire from acting after his final movie, The Old Man and the Gun,
is completed. He went on to receive Best Director and Best Picture
nominations in 1995 for Quiz Show. He received a second Academy
Award for Lifetime Achievement in 2002. In 2010, he was made a
chevalier of the Legion d'Honneur. He has won BAFTA, Directors
Guild of America, Golden Globe, and Screen Actors Guild awards. In
April 2014, Time magazine included Redford in their annual Time
100 as one of the "Most Influential People in the World",
declaring him the "Godfather of Indie Film". In 2016,
Redford was honored with a Presidential Medal Of Freedom. On Sale
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Today, August 18, 2026
August 18, 1933: #BOTD: Roman Polanski,
French-Polish film director, producer, screenwriter, and actor is
#born Raymond Roman Thierry Liebling in Paris, France to a Jewish
father and half Catholic/half Jewish mother. His mother died in
Auschwitz concentration camp. During his career Polanski has
received five Oscar nominations, winning the Best Director in 2003
for The Pianist. He has also received two Golden Globe Awards, two
BAFTAs, a Palme d'Or of the 2002 Cannes Film Festival in France,
as well as multiple Cesars. His Polish-Jewish parents moved the
family from his birthplace in Paris back to Krakow in 1937. Two
years later, the Invasion Of Poland by Nazi Germany started World
War II, and the family found themselves trapped in the Krakow
Ghetto. After his mother and father were taken in raids, Polanski
spent his formative years in foster homes, surviving the Holocaust
by adopting a false identity and concealing his Jewish heritage.
Polanski's first feature-length film, Knife in the Water (1962),
was made in Poland and was nominated for the United States Academy
Award for Best Foreign Language Film. After living in France for a
few years, he moved to the United Kingdom, where he directed his
first three English-language feature-length films: Repulsion
(1965), Cul-de-sac (1966), and The Fearless Vampire Killers
(1967). In 1968, he moved to the United States and cemented his
status in the film industry by directing the horror film
Rosemary's Baby (1968). Polanski's life turned in 1969 when his
pregnant wife, actress Sharon Tate, and four friends were murdered
by members of the Manson Family. He made Macbeth (1971) in England
and Chinatown (1974) back in Hollywood. In 1977, Polanski was
arrested and charged with drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl.
As a result of a plea bargain, he pleaded guilty to the lesser
offence of unlawful sex with a minor. In 1978, upon learning that
the judge planned to reject his plea deal and impose a prison term
instead of probation, he fled to Paris. As a result, Polanski is a
fugitive from the U.S. criminal justice system. In addition to his
conviction, multiple other women have accused Polanski of sexually
assaulting them as children. After fleeing to Europe, Polanski
continued directing. His other critically acclaimed films include
Tess (1979), The Ghost Writer (2010), Venus in Fur (2013), and An
Officer and a Spy (2019). On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today, August 18, 2026
August 18, 1958: First Publications: --
Vladimir Nabokov's controversial 1955 novel Lolita is published in
the United States. The novel's protagonist and unreliable
narrator, a middle-aged literature professor under the pseudonym
Humbert Humbert, is obsessed with a 12-year-old girl, Dolores
Haze, with whom he becomes sexually involved after he becomes her
stepfather. "Lolita" is his private nickname for
Dolores. The novel was originally written in English and first
published in Paris in 1955 by Olympia Press. Later it was
translated by Nabokov into his native Russian himself and
published in New York City in 1967 by Phaedra Publishers. Lolita
quickly attained a classic status. The novel was adapted into a
film by Stanley Kubrick in 1962, and again in 1997 by Adrian Lyne.
It has also been adapted several times for the stage and has been
the subject of two operas, two ballets, and an acclaimed but
commercially unsuccessful Broadway musical. Its assimilation into
popular culture is such that the name "Lolita" has been
used to imply that a young girl is sexually precocious. Lolita is
included on Time magazine's list of the 100 best English-language
novels published from 1923 to 2005. It holds a place in the
Bokklubben World Library, a 2002 collection of the most celebrated
books in history. In 2003 the book was listed on the BBC's The Big
Read poll of the UK's 200 "best-loved novels." Vladimir
Vladimirovich Nabokov, also known by the pen name Vladimir Sirin
(22 April [O.S. 10 April] 1899 - 2 July 1977) was a
Russian-American novelist, poet, translator and entomologist. His
first nine novels were in Russian, but he achieved international
prominence after he began writing English prose. Nabokov's Lolita
(1955), his most noted novel in English, was ranked fourth in the
list of the Modern Library 100 Best Novels; Pale Fire (1962) was
ranked 53rd on the same list, and his memoir, Speak, Memory
(1951), was listed eighth on the publisher's list of the 20th
century's greatest nonfiction. He was a finalist for the National
Book Award for Fiction seven times. Nabokov was an expert
lepidopterist (authority on moths and butterflies) and a composer
of chess problems. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today, August 18, 2026
August 18, 1934: #BOTD: #HBD! Vincent
Bugliosi, American attorney and New York Times bestselling author,
best known for prosecuting Charles Manson and other defendants
accused of the seven Tate-LaBianca murders of August 9-10, 1969
(d. June 6, 2015) is #born Vincent T. Bugliosi Jr. in Hibbing,
Minnesota to parents of Italian descent. During his eight years in
the Los Angeles County district attorney's office between 1964 and
1972, he successfully prosecuted 105 out of 106 felony jury
trials, which included 21 murder convictions without a single
loss. In 1972, Bugliosi left the District Attorney's (DA) office
and started a private practice, which included defense cases for
criminal trials. He twice ran for the DA's office, but was not
elected. He also began his writing career, exploring notable
criminal cases. When he was in high school, his family moved to
Los Angeles, California. Bugliosi graduated from Hollywood High
School. He attended the University of Miami on a tennis
scholarship and graduated in 1956. In 1964, he earned his law
degree from the UCLA School of Law, where he was president of his
graduating class. Bugliosi was married, and he and his wife Gail
had two children: a daughter, Wendy, and a son, Vince Jr. Although
raised as Roman Catholic, Bugliosi said later in life that he was
an agnostic, although open to the ideas of deism. Bugliosi began
his law career in the Los Angeles County District Attorney's
office. As a Los Angeles County Deputy District Attorney, Bugliosi
came to national attention for prosecuting the seven murders that
took place August 9-10, 1969, in which Sharon Tate, Jay Sebring,
Abigail Folger, Wojciech Frykowski, Steven Parent, and Leno and
Rosemary LaBianca were killed. Bugliosi successfully prosecuted
Charles Manson, Charles "Tex" Watson, Susan Atkins,
Patricia Krenwinkel, and Leslie Van Houten for these murders, and
each was convicted. He was credited especially with gaining
conviction of Manson, who, although had tied up the La Bianca's,
had not been physically present during the actual murders. In
1972, Bugliosi ran as a Democrat for Los Angeles County District
Attorney against longtime incumbent Joseph Busch. Joseph Gellman
was his legal counsel for this campaign. Bugliosi narrowly lost
the campaign. Bugliosi ran again in 1976, after Busch died of a
heart attack in 1975, but lost to interim District Attorney John
Van de Kamp, who was incumbent. After leaving the Los Angeles
district attorney's office in 1972, Bugliosi turned to private
practice. He represented three criminal defendants, achieving
acquittals for each of them-the most famous of which was Stephanie
Stearns (referred to as "Jennifer Jenkins" in his book),
whom he defended for the murder of Eleanor "Muff" Graham
on Palmyra Atoll, a South Pacific island. After leaving the DA's
office, Bugliosi wrote, jointly with Curt Gentry, a book about the
Manson trial called Helter Skelter (1974). The book won an Edgar
Award from the Mystery Writers of America for the best true crime
book of the year. It was adapted twice for television movies (one
produced in 1976 and one in 2004). As of 2015, it is the
best-selling true crime book in publishing history, with more than
7 million copies sold. He has written several other books, mostly
dealing with well-known crimes. His works include And The Sea Will
Tell (1991), which he wrote with Bruce Henderson about the murder
case against Stephanie Stearns. It was a #1 New York Times
bestselling book. He later wrote Reclaiming History: The
Assassination of President John F. Kennedy (2007), in which he
challenged numerous conspiracy theories and explored the events
surrounding the assassination. He also wrote The Prosecution of
George W. Bush for Murder (2008), a condemnation of former
president George W. Bush's decision to invade Iraq. Bugliosi wrote
Outrage: The Five Reasons Why O. J. Simpson Got Away with Murder
(1996), about the acquittal of O. J. Simpson for the murders of
Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Lyle Goldman. Bugliosi argues that
Simpson was guilty. He criticizes the work of the district
attorney, prosecutors, defense lawyers, and Judge Lance Ito. He
criticized the media for characterizing Simpson's lawyers as "the
Dream Team," and said that the lawyers were unremarkable and
of average ability. He used his profiles to explore what he
considers broader problems in American criminal justice, the
media, and the political appointment of judges. Bugliosi
criticized the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Clinton v. Jones.
In his book, No Island Of Sanity, he argues that the right of a
president to be free of a private lawsuit while in office
outweighed Paula Jones's interest in having her case brought to
trial immediately. Bugliosi condemned the U.S. Supreme Court's
decision in the Bush v. Gore case that decided the 2000
presidential election. He wrote a lengthy criticism of the case
for The Nation, titled "None Dare Call It Treason,"
which he later expanded into a book titled The Betrayal of
America. Some of his criticisms were depicted in the 2004
documentary Orwell Rolls in His Grave. He also believed that
George W. Bush should have been charged with the murders of the
thousands of American soldiers who died in the Invasion of Iraq,
because of his belief that Bush launched the invasion under false
pretenses. In his book, The Prosecution of George W. Bush for
Murder, he laid out his view of evidence and outlined what
questions he would ask Bush at a potential murder trial. Bugliosi
testified at a House Judiciary Committee meeting on July 25, 2008,
at which he urged impeachment proceedings for Bush. The book
formed the basis of a 2012 documentary film, The Prosecution of an
American President. Bugliosi is on record for believing that
Senator Robert F. Kennedy was the victim of a conspiracy. He said
the following during a civil trial of the RFK assassination: "We
are talking about a conspiracy to commit murder ... a conspiracy
the prodigious dimensions of which would make Watergate look like
a one-roach marijuana case."; and: "The signed
statements given me perhaps can be explained away, but in the
absence of a logical explanation, these statements, by simple
arithmetic, add up to too many bullets and therefore, the
probability of a second gun." As a result of his research,
Bugliosi came to refute conspiracy theories. In 1986, Bugliosi
played the part of prosecutor in an unscripted 21-hour mock
television trial of Lee Harvey Oswald. His legal opponent,
representing Oswald, was the well-known criminal defense attorney
Gerry Spence. London Weekend Television sponsored the mock trial,
which followed Texas criminal trial procedure. It also included a
former Texas judge and a jury of U.S. citizens from the Dallas
area which reviewed hundreds of exhibits and listened to witnesses
who testified about the assassination. The jury found Oswald
guilty. Spence remarked, "No other lawyer in America could
have done what Vince did in this case." The program required
extensive preparation by Bugliosi and inspired him to later write
a comprehensive book on the subject of the assassination. His
1,612-page book (with a CD-ROM containing an additional 958 pages
of endnotes and 170 pages of source notes), Reclaiming History:
The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, was published in
May 2007. His book examined the JFK assassination in detail and
drew on a variety of sources; his findings were in line with those
of the Warren Report, which concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald acted
alone in the assassination of the 35th President. He called
Reclaiming History his "magnum opus." The book won the
2008 Edgar Award for Best Fact Crime. A portion of the book was
re-published in 2008 as Four Days in November: The Assassination
of President John F. Kennedy, which became the basis of the 2013
film Parkland. The title of Reclaiming History derived from
Bugliosi's belief that the history of the Kennedy assassination
has been hijacked by conspiracy theories, the popularity of which,
he asserted, has a pernicious and ongoing effect on American
thought: "Unless this fraud is finally exposed, the word
believe will be forgotten by future generations and John F.
Kennedy will have unquestionably become the victim of a
conspiracy. Belief will have become unchallenged fact, and the
faith of the American people in their institutions further eroded.
If that is allowed to happen, Lee Harvey Oswald, a man who hated
his country and everything for which it stands, will have
triumphed even beyond his intent on that fateful day in November."
Vincent Bugliosi died of cancer at age 80, at a Los Angeles
hospital. He is interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in
Glendale, California. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/the-trial-of-lee-harvey-oswald-dvd-set-3-disc3.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Teenage Dating Films 1946-1958 DVD, MP4 Video Download, USB Drive
Today, August 18, 2026
August 18: National Couple's Day: -- A
date where love is in the air, and it smells sweet with a hint of
spice! It's National Couple's Day, the time to celebrate the one
you adore. Your partner in crime, your ride or die, your pain in
the... well, you know what we mean! Love isn't always easy, but
when you find that special someone, it's definitely worth it.
Though you should tell your partner how you feel everyday, today
is definitely the day to light up some candles, turn the lights
down low, and dance to your song (every couple has one)! When two
people come together, they create a unique bond that can conquer
any challenge, adventure, or romantic moment. When two people pair
together to make a couple, it can create a whole lot of fun!
Couples who are committed to each other can enjoy celebrating
National Couple's Day. Whether it is celebrated as an alternative
to Valentine's Day (almost exactly 6 months later) or a much
needed supplement in between Valentine's Days each year, National
Couple's Day offers a delightful way to enjoy being part of a
pair. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/teenage-dating-films-194619461958.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Dispelling Witches: What Witchcraft Is + Salem Witch Trials MP4
DVD
Today, August 18, 2026
August 19, 1612: Witch Trials: Witch
Trials In The Early Modern Period (1400-1775): Witch Trials In
Europe: Witch Trials: Witch Trials In England: The Lancashire
Witch Trials: The Trial Of The Pendle Witches: The Trial Of The
Samlesbury Witches: -- The Lancashire Witch Trials - consisting of
The Trial Of The Pendle Witches and The Trial Of The Samlesbury
Witches - begins at Lancaster Assizes (courts of assize, or
assizes, were periodic courts held around England and Wales until
1972). They are among the most famous witch trials in English
history, and some of the best recorded of the 17th century. The
Pendle Witches lived in the area surrounding Pendle Hill in
Lancashire, and were charged with the murders of ten people by the
use of witchcraft. The Samlesbury Witches were three women from
the Lancashire village of Samlesbury - Jane Southworth, Jennet
Bierley, and Ellen Bierley - accused by a 14-year-old girl, Grace
Sowerbutts, of practising witchcraft. The trials of the twelve
accused Pendle and Samlesbury Witches collectively have become
known as the Lancashire Witch Trials. One was tried at York
Assizes on July 27 1612, and another died in prison. Of the eleven
Pendle Witches who went to trial - nine women and two men - ten
were found guilty and executed by hanging; one was found not
guilty. The official publication of the proceedings by the clerk
to the court, Thomas Potts, in his The Wonderfull Discoverie of
Witches in the Countie of Lancaster, and the number of witches
hanged together - nine at Lancaster and one at York - make the
trials unusual for England at that time. It has been estimated
that all the English witch trials between the early 15th and early
18th centuries resulted in fewer than 500 executions; this series
of trials accounts for more than two per cent of that total. Six
of the Pendle witches came from one of two families, each at the
time headed by a woman in her eighties: Elizabeth Southerns
(a.k.a. Demdike), her daughter Elizabeth Device, and her
grandchildren James and Alizon Device; Anne Whittle (a.k.a.
Chattox), and her daughter Anne Redferne. The others accused were
Jane Bulcock and her son John Bulcock, Alice Nutter, Katherine
Hewitt, Alice Grey, and Jennet Preston. The outbreaks of
witchcraft in and around Pendle may demonstrate the extent to
which people could make a living by posing as witches. Many of the
allegations resulted from accusations that members of the Demdike
and Chattox families made against each other, perhaps because they
were in competition, both trying to make a living from healing,
begging, and extortion. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/dispelling-witches-what-is-amp-isn39t-witchcraft-mp4-video-download-394.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Dispelling Witches: What Witchcraft Is + Salem Witch Trials MP4
DVD
Today, August 18, 2026
August 18, 1634: Witch Trials: Witch
Trials In The Early Modern Period (1400-1775): Witch Trials In
Europe: Witch Trials: Witch Trials In France: The Trial Of Father
Urbain Grandier: -- Father Urbain Grandier, French Catholic priest
(b. c. 1590), accused and convicted of sorcery, is burned alive at
the stake in Loudun, France, following the events of the so-called
"Loudun Possessions", a notorious witch trial involving
a convent of Ursuline nuns who said they had been visited and
possessed by demons. Following an investigation by the Catholic
Church, Urbain Grandier, a local priest, was accused of summoning
the evil spirits. The case contains similar themes to other
witchcraft trials that occurred throughout western Europe in the
17th century, such as the Aix-en-Provence Possessions (France) in
1611 or the Pendle Witches (England) in 1612 before reaching the
New World by the 1690s in the form of the Salem Witch Trials. Most
modern commentators have concluded that Grandier was the victim of
a politically motivated persecution led by the powerful Cardinal
Richelieu, the chief minister of France. Grandier had gained the
enmity of Richelieu. In its continuing efforts to consolidate and
centralize power, the Crown had ordered the walls around Loudun to
be demolished. The populace were of two minds concerning this,
whether to keep the wall or rely on the central government for
protection. Grandier supported those who wished to retain the
walls. In addition, not only had Grandier written a book attacking
the discipline of clerical celibacy, he had also penned a scathing
satire on the cardinal. Around the time of the nuns' accusations,
M. Jean de Laubardemont, a relative of the Mother Superior of the
convent of Loudun, was sent to demolish the town tower. He was
prevented from doing so by the town militia, and upon returning to
Paris reported on the state of affairs in Loudun including the
recent disturbance at the Ursuline convent. In November 1633, M.
de Laubardemont was commissioned to investigate the matter.
Grandier was arrested and confined to the prison at Angers.
Laubardemont returned to Paris, where letters in support of
Grandier from the Bailly of Loudun to the Procurator-General of
the Parliament, stating that the possession was an "imposture"
were intercepted. The circumstances of Father Grandier's trial and
execution have attracted the attention of writers Alexandre Dumas
pere, Aldous Huxley and the playwright John Whiting, composers
like Krzysztof Penderecki and Peter Maxwell Davies, as well as
historian Jules Michelet and various scholars of European
witchcraft. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/dispelling-witches-what-is-amp-isn39t-witchcraft-mp4-video-download-394.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Mona Lisa Of The Galilee The Sepphoris Mosaic DVD, Download, USB
Drive
Today, August 18, 2026
August 18, 1987: Archaelogy (Archeology):
Great Discoveries Of Archaeology: The Roman Empire: Roman
Palestine: Sepphoris: The Mona Lisa Of Galilee (The Mona Lisa Of
The Galilee): -- The New York Times reports the discovery of "The
Mona Lisa Of Palestine", now commonly referred to as "The
Mona Lisa Of Galilee", In 1987, an archeological team from
Duke University of North Carolina discovered during the closing
moments of that year's dig a grand 1,700-year-old mosaic in the
ancient Roman Palestine city of Sepphoris, located a few miles
north of Nazareth. What peeked out at them from across two
millenia was a stunningly beautiful woman's face, dubbed
on-the-spot "The Mona Lisa Of Palestine", now known as
"The Mona Lisa of Galilee". They carefully covered it
back up to protect it from the elements and the curious, and they
resolved to return to fully excavate the site at some point in the
future, and to keep the find as secret as possible in the mean
time. The following year the team did return, and in cooperation
with Jerusalem's Hebrew University they carefully excavated the
mosaic, cleaned it, prepared it for removal using revolutionary
new techniques, and painstakingly moved it onto trucks for
transport to the Israel Museum in Jerusalem, where it would be
completely restored and put on exhibition. The excavations of this
mosaic and other sites in ancient Sepphoris (modern day Tzippori)
prove what the Duke University team had set out to determine in
both their expeditions: that this city had been a place where
Jews, Christians and Pagans could live, work and worship
side-by-side in peace and prosperity. On Sale Until Midnight
Tonight PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/mona-lisa-of-the-galilee-dvd-sepphoris-mosaic-discovery.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: TV
Commercials: The Cable Age Classics I DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, August 18, 2026
August 18: International Delivery Driver
Appreciation Day (International Delivery Bicycle Rider
Appreciation Day): -- Forget putting delivery items in a car that
can get stuck in traffic for long stretches of time! Instead,
people in urban areas can benefit from the use of bicycle delivery
riders who can make it quickly and efficiently to their
destination - and in an earth-friendly manner. International
Delivery Driver Appreciation Day is here to say thank you and show
appreciation for these folks who are making deliveries on bicycles
all over the world! The concept of delivery riders isn't
necessarily a new one, tracing its roots back to couriers who
would tootle around on their bicycles delivering messages, papers
or other small items. These messengers began appearing almost
immediately following the invention of the two bicycles in the
mid-1800s. Although the concept may have evolved over the years,
the usefulness of these delivery drivers remains. Today's delivery
riders have special, insulated packs that they can place on their
backs to make it possible for them to carry several food orders at
a time for delivery. It's an efficient system that benefits
everyone involved. A fairly recent event, the inaugural
celebration of International Delivery Driver Appreciation Day took
place in 2023 when it was organized through the efforts of the
Hungry Panda company, a specialist food delivery company located
in London. The event takes place on this day as a nod to the way
the numerals "818" resemble the silhouette of a bicycle
rider with a pack on top. Also, the numeral "8" sounds a
lot like "eat" which brings even more of a connection.
To honor these 'delivery heroes', this event pays tribute to these
hardworking, dedicated riders who bring those delicious meals
right to doorsteps across the city of London as well as all over
the globe!
https://store.earthstation1.com/tv-commercials-the-cable-age-classics-i-dvd.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title:
Vietnam: The Ten Thousand Day War TV Series DVD, Video Download,
USB
Today, August 18, 2026August 18: Long Tan Day (Vietnam): --
August 18, 1966: Vietnam War: The Battle Of Long Tan: A patrol
from the 6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment clashes with a
Viet Cong force in a rubber plantation in Phuoc Tuy Province and
results in the beginning of the Battle Of Long Tan, an event
commemorated every August 18 in Vietnam as Long Tan Day. The
action was fought between Viet Cong (VC) and People's Army of
Vietnam units and elements of the 1st Australian Task Force (1
ATF) shortly after its lodgement in Phuoc Tuy. 1 ATF began
arriving between April and June 1966, constructing a base at Nui
Dat which was located astride a major communist transit and
resupply route and was close to a VC base area. After two months
it had moved beyond the initial requirements of establishing
itself and securing its immediate approaches, beginning operations
to open the province. Meanwhile, in response to the threat posed
by 1 ATF, a force of between 1,500 and 2,500 men from the VC 275th
Regiment, possibly reinforced by at least one PAVN battalion and
the D445 Provincial Mobile Battalion, was ordered to move against
Nui Dat. For several weeks Australian signals intelligence
(SIGINT) had tracked a radio transmitter from the headquarters of
the 275th Regiment moving westwards to a position just north of
Long Tan; however, extensive patrolling failed to find the unit.
By 16 August, the communist force was positioned east of the Long
Tan rubber plantation, just outside the range of the artillery at
Nui Dat. On the night of 16/17 August, VC mortars, recoilless
rifles (RCLs) and artillery heavily bombarded Nui Dat from a
position 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to the east, damaging the base and
wounding 24 men, one of whom later died. The VC positions were
then engaged by counter-battery fire and the mortaring ceased. The
following morning, B Company, 6th Battalion, Royal Australian
Regiment (6 RAR), departed Nui Dat to locate the firing points and
the direction of the VC withdrawal. A number of weapon pits were
subsequently found, as were the positions of the mortars and RCLs.
D Company took over the pursuit around midday on 18 August. After
clashing with a VC squad in the afternoon and forcing them to
withdraw, the Australians were engaged by small-arms and
rocket-propelled grenade fire from a flank. Numbering only 108
men, D Company was facing a much larger force. Pinned down, they
called for artillery as a monsoon rain began, reducing visibility.
Heavy fighting ensued as the advancing battalions of the North
Vietnamese 275th Regiment and Viet Cong D445 Battalion attempted
to encircle and destroy the Australians. After several hours, D
Company was nearly out of ammunition, when two UH-1B Iroquois from
No. 9 Squadron RAAF arrived overhead to resupply them. Heavily
outnumbered, but supported by strong artillery fire, D Company
held off a regimental assault before a relief force of cavalry and
infantry from Nui Dat fought their way through as darkness fell
and forced the VC to withdraw just as they appeared to be
preparing for a final assault. Withdrawing to establish a landing
zone to evacuate their casualties, the Australians formed a
defensive position overnight. Returning in strength the next day,
the Australians swept the area and located a number of PAVN and VC
dead. The operation ended on 21 August. Eighteen Australians were
killed and 24 wounded, while Australian official records record
that the VC are reported to have lost 245 dead. This issue led to
some dissension from soldiers due to accusations body-counts were
being inflated for public-relations purposes. Official records
from the D445 Battalion and 275th Regiment indicate only 47 were
KIA. One North Vietnamese regimental source states 150 were killed
at the battle, and the 6 RAR D Company commander stating he "never
saw more than 50 bodies". The true nature of the casualties
sustained remain elusive, much like other battles in the war given
that body counts was directly used to assess performance in MACV's
records. Although the Australians initially believed they had
suffered a defeat, ATF reports on the scale of the PAVN/VC's
losses led them to claim they actually won a significant victory.
Long Tan was believed by 1 ATF to have proved a major local
setback for the PAVN/VC, indefinitely forestalling an imminent
movement against Nui Dat. However the commanders of the 275th
Regiment and the D445 Battalion of the North Vietnamese Army held
different interpretations of the battle's outcome. Accordingly,
the D445 Battalion regarded the battle as a victory, with the
initial mortaring intended to draw out 6 RAR units into an ambush.
Following the initial ambush and due to the D445 Battalion holding
the ground until the next day, this was regarded as political
victory as they had secured the areas around Long Tan village
itself. The 275th Regiment regard the battle as an operational
failure as they were unable to wipe out the entire company, but
consider that they gained a political victory by forcing a retreat
until the next morning and earning greater support from the people
of Phuoc Tuy. Additionally, whether the battle impaired the 275th
Regiment is disputed, as they had launched attacks against the
ARVN 18th Division a week later. The impact of the battle on the
combat capability of the D445 Battalion is also in dispute, as
they were redeployed against the 11th Armored Cavalry Task Force a
month following the battle. Several subsequent controversies about
the battle arose, including fabrication of official events and
embellishment of the roles of some senior officers, disputes over
casualties, size of the attacking forces, and official histories
of the battle which cite purported documents and anecdotal claims
which remain uncorroborated. ========= August 18, 1971: Vietnam
War: Australia and New Zealand decide to withdraw their troops
from Vietnam.
https://store.earthstation1.com/vietnam-the-10000-day-war-4-dual-layer-dvds-all-13-10000413.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Martin
Mull Presents The History Of White People In America DVD MP4 USB
Today, August 18, 2026(#JCKaelin here: About a year before
Martin passed. his daughter bought one of my titles for him and
had it shipped to his home in LA. I added a note thanking him for
his introducing me to a kind of humor I never knew existed, as I
watched him via my black & white Toshiba portable TV on
Ferwood 2 Night and its successor America Tonight. That sense of
humor has stayed with me throughout my life, and I will always be
grateful :) ) ========= August 18, 1943: #BOTD: #HBD! Martin Mull,
American actor, comedian, painter and recording artist who has
appeared in many television and film roles (d. June 27, 2024) is
#born Martin Eugene Mull in Chicago. As an actor, he first became
known in his role on Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman and its spin-offs
Fernwood 2 Night and America 2 Night. Among his other notable
roles are Eric Swan in FM, Colonel Mustard in the 1985 film Clue,
Leon Carp on Roseanne, Willard Kraft on Sabrina, the Teenage
Witch, Vlad Plasmius on Danny Phantom, and Gene Parmesan on
Arrested Development. He also hosted and appeared in the
mockumentaries The History Of White People and Portrait Of A White
Marriage. He had a recurring role on Two and a Half Men as
Russell, the drug-using, humorous pharmacist, and as Jim Kringle
on Reno 911. Mull died from a long undisclosed illness at his Los
Angeles home, aged 80. His burial details are not publicly
disclosed.
https://store.earthstation1.com/martin-mull-presents-the-history-of-white-people-in-america-dvd.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Human Animal: War & Violence With Phil Donahue MP4 Download Or
DVD
Today, August 18, 2026August 18, 2024: #DOTD: #RIP: Phil
Donahue, American media personality, writer, film producer, and
the creator and host of The Phil Donahue Show, husband of American
actress, producer, author, and social activist Marlo Thomas (b.
December 21, 1935 #dies at his home on the Upper East Side of
Manhattan in New York City at the age of 88. Donahue's death was
confirmed by a family spokesperson, Susie Arons, who said Donahue
died "peacefully following a long illness," surrounded
by family members and "his beloved Golden retriever,
Charlie." His remains were cremated, and the ashes given to
his widow Marlo Thomas. Phil Donahue was born Phillip John Donahue
in Cleveland, Ohio into a middle-class Irish Catholic family. His
Phil Donahue Show television program, later known simply as
Donahue, was the first popular talk show to feature a format that
included audience participation. The show had a 29-year run on
national television that began in Dayton, Ohio, in 1967 and ended
in New York City in 1996. Donahue's shows often focused on issues
that divide liberals and conservatives in the United States, such
as abortion, consumer protection, civil rights, and war issues.
His most frequent guest was Ralph Nader, for whom Donahue
campaigned in 2000. Donahue also briefly hosted a talk show on
MSNBC from July 2002 to February 2003. Donahue was one of the most
influential talk show hosts and was often referred to as the "king
of daytime talk". Oprah Winfrey has said, "If it weren't
for Phil Donahue, there would never have been an Oprah Show."
In 1996, Donahue was ranked No. 42 on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV
Stars of All Time.
https://store.earthstation1.com/the-human-animal-war-and-violence-with-phil-donahue-mp4-download-or-dvd.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Gulf Crisis: The Road To War TV Series + Bonus 2 DVDs MP4 Download
Today, August 18, 2026August 18, 1990: The Aftermath Of World
War II: The Cold War: The Gulf War (The Persian Gulf War, Gulf War
I): The Invasion Of Kuwait: United Nations Security Council
Resolution 664 (UNSCR664): -- The United Nations Security Council
unanimously adopts UNSCR664, which recalls Iraq's obligations
under international law and acting under Chapter VII of the United
Nations Charter, demands that Iraq permit and facilitate the
departure of nationals from third countries from within Iraq and
Kuwait, and calls for consular and diplomatic access to the third
state nationals. UNSCR 664 further reaffirmed resolutions UNSCR
660, adopted August 2, which condemned the invasion and demanded
Iraq withdraw immediately and unconditionally to positions as they
were on August 1. 1990; UNSCR 661 of August 6, which took steps to
implement international sanctions on Iraq; and UNSCR 662, adopted
unanimously August 9, which declared the annexation of Kuwait by
Iraq illegal in any form. UNSCR 664 went on to demand that Iraq
take no action that would jeopardise the safety of the nationals,
reaffirming that the annexation of Kuwait is illegal, therefore
demanding that Iraq rescind its orders to close consular and
diplomatic missions in Kuwait and the removal of diplomatic
immunity of their personnel. Thousands of foreigners were in Iraq
and Kuwait at the time of the Iraqi invasion, and the Council
denounced Iraq's decision to use foreign nationals as "human
shields" at strategic sites. It finally requested the
Secretary-General Javier Perez de Cuellar to report on the
compliance with the current resolution as soon as possible.
Operation Desert Shield had been officially launched on August 8,
as the day before that President George Bush ordered a massive
military buildup to prevent further Iraqi military advances, with
the first American soldiers being sent to Saudi Arabia that same
day: 15,000 U.S. troops, 32 destroyers and 100 helicopters and
fighter planes. Soon after his conquest of Kuwait, Saddam began
verbally attacking the Saudis. He argued that the US-supported
Saudi state was an illegitimate and unworthy guardian of the holy
cities of Mecca and Medina. He combined the language of the
Islamist groups that had recently fought in Afghanistan with the
rhetoric Iran had long used to attack the Saudis. Acting on the
Carter Doctrine's policy that the United States would use military
force, if necessary, to defend its national interests in the
Persian Gulf, and out of fear the Iraqi Army could launch an
invasion of Saudi Arabia, US President George Bush quickly
announced that the US would launch a "wholly defensive"
mission to prevent Iraq from invading Saudi Arabia under the
codename Operation Desert Shield. Operation Desert Shield began on
7 August 1990 when US troops were sent to Saudi Arabia due also to
the request of its monarch, King Fahd, who had earlier called for
US military assistance. This "wholly defensive" doctrine
was quickly abandoned when, on 8 August, Iraq declared Kuwait to
be Iraq's 19th province and Saddam named his cousin, Ali Hassan
Al-Majid, as its military-governor. The US Navy dispatched two
naval battle groups built around the aircraft carriers USS Dwight
D. Eisenhower and USS Independence to the Persian Gulf, where they
were ready by 8 August. The US also sent the battleships USS
Missouri and USS Wisconsin to the region. A total of 48 US Air
Force F-15s from the 1st Fighter Wing at Langley Air Force Base,
Virginia, landed in Saudi Arabia, and immediately commenced round
the clock air patrols of the Saudi-Kuwait-Iraq border to
discourage further Iraqi military advances. They were joined by 36
F-15 A-Ds from the 36th Tactical Fighter Wing at Bitburg, Germany.
The Bitburg contingent was based at Al Kharj Air Base,
approximately an hour south east of Riyadh. The 36th TFW would be
responsible for 11 confirmed Iraqi Air Force aircraft shot down
during the war. There were also two Air National Guard units
stationed at Al Kharj Air Base, the South Carolina Air National
Guard's 169th Fighter Wing flew bombing missions with 24 F-16s
flying 2,000 combat missions and dropping 4 million pounds of
munitions, and the New York Air National Guard's 174th Fighter
Wing from Syracuse flew 24 F-16s on bombing missions. Military
buildup continued from there, eventually reaching 543,000 troops,
twice the number used in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Much of the
material was airlifted or carried to the staging areas via fast
sealift ships, allowing a quick buildup.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The
World: A Television History Documentary Series DVD, Download, USB
Today, August 18, 2026August 18, 1648: The Ottoman Empire (The
Sublime Ottoman State, The Turkish Empire): The History Of The
Ottoman Empire: The Deposition And Execution Of Ibrahim Of The
Ottoman Empire: -- #DOTD: Ibrahim Of The Ottoman Empire, known as
Ibrahim the Mad by some 20th-century historians due to his erratic
behavior and reputed mental condition, Sultan of the Ottoman
Empire from 1640 until 1648 (November 5, 1615) #dies when he is
executed ten days after he was seized in a palace coup and
imprisoned in Topkapi Palace (Turkish: "Cannon Gate Palace",
the main residence and headquarters of the Ottoman sultans in the
15th and 16th centuries), after his corrupt Grand Vizier Ahmed
Pasha was strangled to death and torn to shreds by an angry mob
(gaining him the posthumous nickname "Hezarpare"
("thousand pieces")). Ibrahim's mother Kosem, an ethnic
Greek and one of the most powerful women in Ottoman history, gave
consent to her son's fall, saying "In the end he will leave
neither you nor me alive. We will lose control of the government.
The whole society is in ruins. Have him removed from the throne
immediately." Ibrahim's six-year-old son, Mehmed, born of
Ibrahim's Ukrainian concubine Turhan, was made Sultan (Emperor) as
Mehmed IV. The new grand vizier, Sofu Mehmed Pasha, petitioned the
sheikh ul-Islam for a fatwa sanctioning Ibrahim's execution. It
was granted, with the message "if there are two caliphs
(politico-religious successors), kill one of them." Kosem
also gave her consent. Two executioners were sent for; one being
the chief executioner who served under Ibrahim. As officials
watched from a palace window, Ibrahim was strangled on August 18,
1648. His became the second regicide in the history of the Ottoman
Empire. ========= August 18, 1648: The Ottoman Empire (The Sublime
Ottoman State, The Turkish Empire): The History Of The Ottoman
Empire: Royal Accessions: Successions To The Throne Of The Ottoman
Empire: -- Mehmed IV, also known as Avci Mehmet (Mehmed the
Hunter) January 2, 1642 - January 6, 1693) becomes The Sultan Of
The Ottoman Empire, reigning until 1687. He came to the throne at
the age of six after his father was overthrown in a coup. Mehmed
went on to become the second longest reigning sultan in Ottoman
history after Suleiman The Magnificent.[ While the first and last
years of his reign were characterized by military defeat and
political instability, during his middle years he oversaw the
revival of the empire's fortunes associated with the Koprulu era.
Mehmed IV was known by contemporaries as a particularly pious
ruler, and was referred to as gazi, or "holy warrior"
for his role in the many conquests carried out during his long
reign. Under his reign the empire reached the height of its
territorial expansion in Europe. From a young age he developed a
keen interest in hunting, for which he is known as avci
(translated as "the Hunter"). In 1687 Mehmed was
overthrown by soldiers disenchanted by the course of the ongoing
War of the Holy League. He subsequently retired to Edirne, where
he resided until his natural death in 1693. His mother Turhan, the
Valide Sultan (Mother Sultan, the title held by the "legal
mother" of a ruling sultan) was prominent for the regency of
her young son and her building patronage. She and her
mother-in-law, Kosem Sultan, are the only two women in Ottoman
history to be regarded as official regents and had supreme control
over the Ottoman Empire. Turhan herself was the only one in
Ottoman history to equally share the power of running the entire
empire with Ottoman Sultan legally, although in fact she
transferred her political power to the grand vizier. As a result,
Turhan became one of the prominent figures during the era known as
Sultanate of Women.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title:
Conspiracies Special Narrated By Joe Frank MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, August 18, 2026August 18, 2015: #DOTD: #RIP: Louis
Stokes, African American attorney, civil rights pioneer,
politician and Prince Hall Freemason, 15-term House Of
Representatives member representing the east side of Cleveland,
founding member and head of the Congressional Black Caucus, first
African American congressman elected in the state of Ohio,
chairman of the House Select Committee on Assassinations, charged
with investigating the murders of President John F. Kennedy and
civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr, Cold War-era chairmen
of the House Intelligence Committee, first African American on the
House Appropriations Committee, father of Angela Stokes, Cleveland
Municipal Court judge, father of television journalist and news
anchor Lori Stokes, father of television journalist and news
anchor Chuck Stokes, brother of Carl B. Stokes, the first African
American mayor of a large American city (Cleveland), cousin of
funk and R & B musician Rick James (b. February 23, 1925)
#dies of both brain cancer and lung cancer at his home in
Cleveland, Ohio at the age of 90. He is interred at Lake View
Cemetery in Cleveland. Louis Stokes was born in Cleveland, Ohio,
where he and his brother Carl B. Stokes lived in one of the first
federally funded housing projects, the Outhwaite Homes. Stokes
attended Central High School and later served in the U.S. Army
from 1943 to 1946. After attending Western Reserve University and
the Cleveland State University College of Law on the G.I. Bill,
Stokes began practicing law in Cleveland in 1953. He argued the
"stop and frisk" case of Terry v. Ohio before the United
States Supreme Court in 1968. Later in 1968, he was elected to the
House, representing the 21st District of Ohio on Cleveland's East
Side. He shifted to the newly created 11th District, covering much
of the same area following a 1992 redistricting. Stokes served 30
years in total, retiring in 1999. He served on the House committee
that investigated the Iran-Contra Affair. As chairman of the House
Ethics Committee, Stokes oversaw the committee's investigation of
a bribery and corruption scandal known as ABSCAM in 1979-80, an
FBI sting operation which eventually led to convictions of one
senator and six House members. Recalling Stokes, U.S. Attorney
Steven Dettelbach said: "We were in the midst of a huge ...
corruption scandal, and public service was taking a public
beating. But Lou Stokes was there as a shining beacon of
integrity, of excellence and most important of all for us, of
justice." In 1971, he was a founding member of the
Congressional Black Caucus. In 1992, Stokes ran for president as
an Ohio favorite son, winning the delegates from his home district
in Ohio, and then, in a minor Democratic convention drama, refused
to release the delegate's votes until the Clinton campaign
formally asked for them. Following his time in Congress, Stokes
became a distinguished visiting professor at the Jack, Joseph and
Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences at Case Western
Reserve University. He actively served in this role until the time
of his death. Stokes was a Prince Hall Freemason, and a member of
the Cleveland Alumni chapter of Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity. He
married the beautiful and brilliant Jeanette "Jay"
Stokes in 1960, when she was 22 years old and he 35, at East Mt.
Zion Baptist Church, and she became stepmother to his three young
children, whose mother(s) is/are not listed online as of 2023. The
Cuyahoga Metropolitan Housing Authority opened the Louis Stokes
Museum on September 13, 2007. This museum houses Stokes
memorabilia, video interviews, miscellaneous video footage, awards
and a written history about Stokes and his rise to prominence. The
museum is located at Outhwaite Homes, 4302 Quincy Avenue. From
2006 to 2008, the Western Reserve Historical Society opened an
exhibition on the lives of Congressman Stokes and his brother
titled "Carl and Louis Stokes: From the Projects to
Politics". The exhibit uses photographs, manuscript
collections, and personal items to showcase Louis Stokes' rise
from the Outhwaite homes, his legal career, and his Congressional
service. The former Congressman was inducted into the Karamu House
Hall of Fame in 2007 for his contributions to the continued legacy
of Cleveland's black settlement house and theatre. Many buildings
throughout the country have been named in Stokes honor including:
Howard University's medical library, the Cleveland Public
Library's main building expansion, and the GCRTA's Windermere
station Louis Stokes Station at Windermere. The greater Cleveland
area Veteran's hospital was renamed the Louis Stokes Cleveland
Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center. Building 50 on the
campus of the National Institutes of Health is named the Louis
Stokes Laboratories. Congressman Stokes' alma mater, Case Western
Reserve University, offers the Louis Stokes Congressional Black
Caucus Foundation Scholarship worth full tuition to an incoming
first-year or transfer undergraduate student. It is intended to
help economically and educationally disadvantaged students attain
an education at the school.
https://store.earthstation1.com/conspiracies-special-narrated-by-joe-frank-mp4-video-download-dvd.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Election Held Hostage: 1980 Election For Hostages Deal DVD MP4 USB
Today, August 18, 2026August 18, 2007: #DOTD: #RIP: Michael
Deaver, American soldier and politician, White House Deputy Chief
Of Staff (b. April 11, 1938) #dies of pancreatic cancer at age 69
at his home in Bethesda, Maryland. In a statement, Nancy Reagan,
said: "[Deaver] was the closest of friends to both Ronnie and
me in many ways, and he was like a son to Ronnie... We met great
challenges together... I will miss Mike terribly." His burial
details are not publicly disclosed. Michael Deaver was born in
Bakersfield, California. Mike Deaver was a member of President
Ronald Reagan's White House staff serving as White House Deputy
Chief Of Staff under James Baker III and Donald Regan from January
1981 until May 1985. While serving on Reagan's staff, Deaver
worked closely with Chief Of Staff James Baker and Counselor to
the President Ed Meese. They were known as "The Troika"
by some observers of the White House due to their influence over
policy while they served on the White House staff. As Deputy Chief
Of Staff at the White House, Deaver worked primarily on media
management forming how the public perceived Reagan, sometimes by
engineering press events so that the White House set the networks'
agenda for covering the president. On March 30, 1981, Deaver stood
feet away from John Hinckley as he fired at Reagan, wounding him.
Deaver later supported Nancy Reagan in the hospital as she
arrived. Deaver resigned from the White House staff in May 1985.
On March 18, 1987, Deaver was convicted of perjury for
congressional testimony he had submitted. He was convicted on
three of five counts of perjury stemming from statements to a
congressional subcommittee and federal grand jury investigating
his lobbying activities with administration officials. Deaver
blamed alcoholism for lapses in memory and judgment. He was
sentenced to three years in prison, but the sentence was reduced
to three years of probation and a fine of 100K USD. Deaver was
also ordered to perform 1,500 hours of public service. In the
final days of Reagan's presidency the question of a pardon arose,
but Reagan noted in his diaries that Deaver indicated he would not
accept a pardon.
https://store.earthstation1.com/the-election-held-hostage-1990-election-for-hostages-deal-dvd-mp19904.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: High
Crimes And Misdemeanors: The Iran-Contra Scandal DVD, MP4, USB
Today, August 18, 2026August 18, 1917: #BOTD: #HBD! Caspar
Weinberger, American captain, lawyer, politician and businessman,
15th United States Secretary Of Defense (d. March 28, 2006) is
#born Caspar Willard Weinberger in San Francisco, California.
"Cap" Weinberger served as a prominent Republican in a
variety of state and federal positions for three decades,
including Chairman of the California Republican Party, 1962-68.
Most notably he was Secretary Of Defense under President Ronald
Reagan from 1981 to 1987. Weinberger was born in San Francisco,
California. He served in the 41st Infantry Division in the Pacific
theater of World War II. Weinberger's entry into politics was as a
California State Assemblyman from 1953 to 1959, and he would go on
to serve as Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission and Director
of the Office of Management and Budget under Presidents Richard
Nixon and Gerald Ford. An accomplished private sector businessman,
he later became vice president and general counsel of Bechtel
Corporation, and still later Chairman of Forbes magazine.
Weinberger's tenure as Secretary Of Defense is the third longest
in U.S. history, and spanned the final years of the Cold War. He
is also known for his key role in the administration's Strategic
Defense Initiative and for being indicted in the Iran-Contra
Affair. Weinberger was awarded both the Presidential Medal Of
Freedom in 1987 and an honorary British knighthood from Queen
Elizabeth II. The Iran-Contra Affair concerned the selling of US
missiles to Iran. The funds received from Iran were then channeled
to guerilla rebels known as Contras, who were fighting the
socialist government of Nicaragua.[22] Such funding had been
specifically denied by the US Congress. Though he claimed to have
been opposed to the sale on principle, actually Weinberger
participated in the transfer of United States Hawk and TOW
missiles to Iran at that time. This resulted in a large scandal
with several investigations which resulted in fourteen Reagan
administration officials being indicted, including Caspar
Weinberger who resigned before trial. Following his resignation as
Secretary Of Defense, legal proceedings against him were continued
by Independent Counsel Lawrence E. Walsh. A federal grand jury
then indicted Weinberger on two counts of perjury and one count of
Obstruction of Justice on June 16, 1992. He was defended by
defense attorney Carl Rauh. Prosecutors brought an additional
indictment just four days before the 1992 presidential election.
This was controversial because it cited a Weinberger diary entry
contradicting a claim made by President George H. W. Bush.
Republicans claimed that this action contributed to President
Bush's later defeat. On December 11, 1992, Judge Thomas F. Hogan
threw out this indictment because it violated the five-year
statute of limitations and improperly broadened the original
charges. Before Weinberger could be tried on the original charges,
he received a pardon on December 24, 1992, from then President
Bush, who had been Reagan's Vice President during the scandal.
Caspar Weinberger died from complications of pneumonia at Eastern
Maine Medical Center in Bangor, Maine at the age of 88. He is
buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Arlington
County, Virginia.
https://store.earthstation1.com/high-crimes-and-misdemeanors-the-ironcontra-scandal-dvd.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Making Of The President 1960 POTUS Campaign JFK DVD, Download, USB
Today, August 18, 2026August 18, 2004: #DOTD: #RIP: Elmer
Bernstein, American composer and conductor (b. April 4, 1922)
#dies in Ojai, California of cancer aged 82. His remains were
cremated, and his ashes were given to his widow Eve Adamson. He
was born to a Jewish familyin New York City, the son of Selma (nee
Feinstein, 1901-1991), from Ukraine, and Edward Bernstein
(1896-1968), from Austria-Hungary; he is not related to Leonard
Bernstein. In a career that spanned over five decades, he composed
"some of the most recognizable and memorable themes in
Hollywood history", including over 150 original film scores,
as well as scores for nearly 80 television productions. For his
work he received an Academy Award for Thoroughly Modern Millie
(1967) and Primetime Emmy Award. He also received seven Golden
Globe Awards, five Grammy Awards, and two Tony Award nominations.
He composed and arranged scores for over 100 film scores,
including Sudden Fear (1952), The Man with the Golden Arm (1955),
The Ten Commandments (1956), Sweet Smell of Success (1957), The
Magnificent Seven (1960), To Kill a Mockingbird (1962), The Great
Escape (1963), Hud (1963), Thoroughly Modern Millie (1967), True
Grit (1969), My Left Foot (1989), The Grifters (1990), Cape Fear
(1991), Twilight (1998), and Far from Heaven (2002). He is known
for his work on the comedic films, Animal House (1978), Meatballs
(1979), Airplane! (1980), The Blues Brothers (1980), Stripes
(1981), Trading Places (1984), Ghostbusters (1984), Spies Like Us
(1985), and Three Amigos (1986).
https://store.earthstation1.com/the-making-of-the-president-1960-dvd-kennedy-nixon-campa1960.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: TV
Commercials: The Cable Age Classics Vol. 5 MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, August 18, 2026August 18, 2014: #DOTD: #RIP: Don Pardo,
American radio and television announcer and news reporter whose
career spanned more than seven decades (b. February 22, 1918)
#dies in his sleep in Tucson, Arizona at the age of 96. He is
buried in Rockland Cemetery in Sparkill, Rockland County, New
York. Don Pardo was born Dominick George Pardo Jr. in Westfield,
Massachusetts to Dominick George Pardo Sr. and Valeria "Viola"
Rominak-Pardo who were Polish immigrants who owned a bakery. Pardo
was hired for his first broadcasting position at NBC radio
affiliate WJAR in Providence in 1938. He joined NBC full-time as
an in-house announcer in 1944, remaining on the network staff for
60 years. The radio programs on which he worked as an announcer
include Barrie Craig, Confidential Investigator, the sci-fi shows
X Minus One and Dimension X. During World War II, Pardo worked as
a war reporter for NBC Radio. For most of 30 years, Pardo's
recorded voice was one of the announcer introduction inserts for
"Ten at Ten", the KFOG San Francisco radio show
appearing at 10 a.m., and in syndication with Dave Morey on KFOG
HD Radio, although a few years featured Monty Hall and Larry "Bud"
Melman. A member of the Television Hall of Fame, Pardo was noted
for his 70-year tenure with NBC, working as the announcer for
early incarnations of such notable shows as The Price Is Right,
Jackpot, Jeopardy!, Three on a Match, Winning Streak and NBC
Nightly News. His longest, and best-known, announcing job was for
NBC's Saturday Night Live, a job he held for 38 seasons, from the
show's debut in 1975 until the end of the 6th season in 1981 and
again from the season 8 premiere in 1982 until his death in 2014.
https://store.earthstation1.com/tv-commercials-the-cable-age-classics-vol-5-mp4-video-download-dvd.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: NBC
University Theater Of The Air Literature Radio Series MP3 DVD USB
Today, August 18, 2026August 18, 1850: #DOTD: #RIP: Honore de
Balzac, French novelist, playwright, essayist, critic and printer
(b. May 20, 1799) #dies on a Sunday in Paris aged 51 of gangrene
associated with congestive heart failure, in the presence of his
mother, as his wife, Eve de Balzac (formerly Countess Hanska) had
gone to bed. He had been visited that day by Victor Hugo, who
later served as a pallbearer and the eulogist at Balzac's funeral.
Some modern researchers have attributed a factor in his death to
excessive coffee consumption or a caffeine overdose (Balzac
reportedly drank over 50 cups a day) but this has yet to have been
proven. Balzac is buried at Pere Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. At
his memorial service, Victor Hugo pronounced "Today we have
people in black because of the death of the man of talent; a
nation in mourning for a man of genius". The funeral was
attended by "almost every writer in Paris", including
Frederick Lemaitre, Gustave Courbet, Dumas pere and Dumas fils, as
well as representatives of the Legion d'honneur and other
dignitaries. Later, a statue (called the Monument to Balzac) was
created by the celebrated French sculptor Auguste Rodin. Cast in
bronze, the Balzac Monument has stood since 1939 nearby the
intersection of Boulevard Raspail and Boulevard Montparnasse at
Place Pablo-Picasso. Rodin featured Balzac in several of his
smaller sculptures as well. Honore de Balzac was born Honore
Balzac in Tours, Touraine, France. His novel sequence, The Human
Comedy (French: La Comedie Humaine), which presents a panorama of
post-Napoleonic French life, is generally viewed as his magnum
opus. Owing to his keen observation of detail and unfiltered
representation of society, Balzac is regarded as one of the
founders of realism in European literature. He is renowned for his
multi-faceted characters; even his lesser characters are complex,
morally ambiguous and fully human. Inanimate objects are imbued
with character as well; the city of Paris, a backdrop for much of
his writing, takes on many human qualities. His writing influenced
many famous writers, including the novelists Emile Zola, Charles
Dickens, Gustave Flaubert, and Henry James, filmmaker Francois
Truffaut as well as important philosophers such as Friedrich
Engels and Karl Marx. Many of Balzac's works have been made into
films, and they continue to inspire other writers. An enthusiastic
reader and independent thinker as a child, Balzac had trouble
adapting to the teaching style of his grammar school. His willful
nature caused trouble throughout his life and frustrated his
ambitions to succeed in the world of business. When he finished
school, Balzac was apprenticed in a law office, but he turned his
back on the study of law after wearying of its inhumanity and
banal routine. Before and during his career as a writer, he
attempted to be a publisher, printer, businessman, critic, and
politician; he failed in all of these efforts. La Comedie Humaine
reflects his real-life difficulties, and includes scenes from his
own experience. Balzac suffered from health problems throughout
his life, possibly due to his intense writing schedule. His
relationship with his family was often strained by financial and
personal drama, and he lost more than one friend over critical
reviews. In 1850, Balzac married Ewelina Hanska, a Polish
aristocrat and his longtime love; he died in Paris five months
later.
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